backward

Etymology

From Middle English bakwarde, abakward, equivalent to back (adverb) + -ward. Cognate with Old Frisian bekward (“backward”).

adj

1. Situated toward or at the rear of something.
   The silt collects in the backward part of the tank.
2. Acting or moving in the direction opposite to that in which someone or something is facing.
   a backward tilt of the head
3. Acting or moving in the direction opposite to the usual direction of movement.
   The occasional apparent backward movement of planets is evidence that they revolve around the sun.
   Engage the lock to prevent backward rotation of the wheel.
4. (figurative) Acting or moving oppositely to the desired direction of progress.
   This is a backward step for the country.
5. Reversed in order or sequence.
   This backward writing is hard to read.
6. Reluctant or unable to advance or act.
   She certainly isn't backward in coming forward!
   The effect is to retard their progress—giving them too little opportunity and too little incentive for copying the language of adults— and a little later the child is pained and the parents' ears tingle at hearing a chance remark: “ How terribly backward she is about talking." 1882, Charles Edward Page, How to feed the baby to make it healthy and happy, page 133
   The fact that a child is backward in talking is no sign of defective intelligence, nor does it prove that it will be a slow pupil. 1910, Leonard Keene Hirshberg, What You Ought to Know about Your Baby, page 19
   Then her eyes, always alert for the affairs of her kitchen, fell on some action of the Chinese cook which aroused her violent disapproval. She turned on him with a torrent of abuse. The Chink was not backward to defend himself, and a very lively quarrel ensued. 1919, W[illiam] Somerset Maugham, “chapter 51”, in The Moon and Sixpence
   Rickety children are backward in teething, and when the teeth do appear, they decay very rapidly. The children are backward in walking and backward in talking and the soft-spot (fontanel) on the top of the head remains open months longer than it should. 1925, Louis Fischer, The Health-care of the Baby: A Handbook for Mothers and Nurses, page 170
   Don't be backward in suggesting story ideas to local media but always think of the wants, needs and desires of their readers when selling-in story ideas. 2003 August, “Media Prospecting”, in Mortgage Magazine, archived from the original on 2006-08-20
7. (figurative) Of a culture, country, practice etc., undeveloped or unsophisticated.
   They were a backward people without any writing.
   Most cruelly, the immediate security interests of the United States and the states surrounding Somalia are now to keep it a failed state, to prevent Islamists from consolidating even a weak state centered on Mogadishu. The leader of the victorious faction, one Aden Hashi 'Ayro, is said to be a veteran of Afghanistan; he knows well what a small sanctuary in a backward corner of the globe can mean for al Qaeda. 2006, Tom Donnelly, “Back to Mogadishu?”, in Armed Forces Journal, archived from the original on 2009-01-08
8. (figurative) Slow to apprehend; having difficulties in learning.
   a backward child
9. Lacking progressive or enlightened thought; outdated.
   The party's ideas and policies are very backward.
10. Late or behindhand.
    a backward season
    "[…] I've a job of work to finish tonight; mourning, as must be in time for the funeral to-morrow; and grandfather has been out moss- hunting, and will not be home till late." "Oh, how charming it will be! I'll help you if you're backward. Have you much to do?" 1848, Elizabeth Gaskell, Mary Barton
    We have had a long run of heavy, wet and squally weather; the dry season is two months backward, and the Lepidoptera have not appeared so abundantly as they should have done. 1855, The zoologist: a popular miscellany of natural history, Volume 14
    Rickety children are backward in teething, and when the teeth do appear, they decay very rapidly. 1925, Louis Fischer, The Health-care of the Baby: A Handbook for Mothers and Nurses, page 170
11. (chess) Of a pawn, further behind than pawns of the same colour on adjacent files and unable to be moved forward safely.
12. (cricket) On that part of the field behind the batsman's popping crease.
13. (cricket) Further behind the batsman's popping crease than something else.
14. (obsolete) Unwilling; averse; reluctant.
    For wiser brutes were backward to be slaves. 1713, Alexander Pope, Windsor Forest, line 50
15. (obsolete) Already past or gone; bygone.
    The soul forgets her schemes of Hope and Pride, / and flies unconscious o'er each backward year. 1812–1818, George Gordon Lord Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, canto 2, verse 24

adv

1. At, near or towards the rear of something.
   The passenger turned around and walked backward, towards the tail of the aircraft.
2. In a direction opposite to that in which someone or something is facing or normally pointing.
   He tilted his head backward.
   The grandfather clock toppled backward and crashed to the ground.
   Her arm was bent backward at an odd angle.
3. In a direction opposite to the usual direction of movement.
   In reverse gear the wheel turns backward.
4. (figurative) Oppositely to the desired direction of progress, or from a better to a worse state.
   This project seems to be going backward.
   The work went backward. 1700, John Dryden, Theodore and Honoria
5. In a reversed orientation; back to front.
   He had his cap on backward.
6. In a reversed order or sequence.
   A palindrome reads the same backward as forward.
7. Toward or into the past.
   As we begin the new millennium, it behoves us to look backward as well as forward.
8. (obsolete) In the past.
9. By way of reflection; reflexively.
   the Mind can backward caſt Upon herself, her understanding Light 1599, John Davies, Nosce Teipsum
   It was still possible — perhaps it might be inevitable — for him to accept frankly the altered conditions, and avow Baldassarre's existence; but hardly without casting an unpleasant light backward on his original reticence[…] 1862, George Eliot, Romola

noun

1. The state behind or past.