dichotomy

Etymology

From Ancient Greek διχοτομία (dikhotomía, “dichotomy”).

noun

1. A separation or division into two; a distinction that results in such a division.
   The dichotomy between the private and the public is central to almost two centuries of feminist writing and political struggle; it is, ultimately, what the feminist movement is all about. Although some feminists treat the dichotomy as a universal, trans-historical and trans-cultural feature of human existence, feminist criticism is primarily directed at the separation and opposition between the public and private spheres in liberal theory and practice. 1989, Carole Pateman, 6: Feminist Critiques of the Public/Private Dichotomy: The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism, and Political Theory, page 118
   The dichotomy between maria and highlands dominates lunar mineralogy. 2003, Thérèse Encrenaz et al., “The Solar System”, in Storm Dunlop, transl., Système Solaire, page 232
   Despite some contradictions found in the essay, its major emphasis is laid on the politics-administration dichotomy theory. It is largely devoted to the argument concerning the separability of politics and administration. The politics-administration dichotomy initiated by Wilson was later elaborated by Frank J. Goodnow in his work, “Politics and Administration” (1900). 2005, S. P. Naidu, Public Administration: Concepts And Theories, page 55
   All of this previous analysis was based on two related ideas: the classical dichotomy and monetary neutrality. Recall that the classical dichotomy is the separation of variables into real variables (those that measure quantities or relative prices) and nominal variables (those measured in terms of money). 2008, N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 6th edition, page 723
2. Such a division involving apparently incompatible or opposite principles; a duality.
3. (logic) The division of a class into two disjoint subclasses that are together comprehensive, as the division of human into female and male.
   But in the fallacy of false dichotomy, not only do the two alternatives fail to be jointly exhaustive, but they are not even likely. As a result, the disjunctive premise is false, or at least probably false. 2011, Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, page 162
   2011, Tomasz A. Gorarzd, Jacek Krzaczkowski, The Complexity of Problems Connected with Two-Element Algebras, Paweł M. Idziak, Andrzej Wronski, Reports on Mathematical Logic: No. 46, page 92, One can ask if for any algebra the considered problem is always in P or NP-complete (P or coNP-complete)? For example, the problem of the satisfiability of a system of polynomial equations over a group G is in P if G is abelian and NP-complete otherwise ([7, 13]). One of the most widely known subclasses of NP which exhibits such a dichotomy, is the class of constraint satisfaction problems (CSP) on the set {0,1}, see [16]. Recently Bulatov proved the dichotomy for CSP on a three-element set [3].
4. (biology, taxonomy) The division of a genus into two species; a division into two subordinate parts.
5. (astronomy) A phase of the moon when it appears half lit and half dark, for example at the quadratures.
   The Ides of Januarius indeed, the preceding month, must have fallen on March 1 at midnight, two days before the first dichotomy of the mean new moon of that month, March 3 at midnight. 1854, Edward Greswell, Origines Kalendariæ Italicæ: Tables of the Roman Calendar, volume 1, page 261
6. (botany) Division and subdivision; bifurcation, such as that of a stem of a plant or a vein of the body into two parts as it proceeds from its origin; often successive.
   1969, J. F. Rigby, Permian Sphenopsids from Antarctica, Geological Survey Professional Paper 613-F, page F-9, In one forked leaf there is a distinct vein dichotomy, and the leaf boundary commences 1.5 mm above the dichotomy.
   In most of the creeping species with dorsiventral stems (e.g., S. kraussiana, S. laevigata) roots arise at or close to the point of dichotomy; in species like S. rupestris and S. wallichii they arise at the point of dichotomy as well as other positions and in S. selaginoides and S. spinulosa they arise from knot like swellings present at the basal portion of the stem. 2010, V. Singh, P. C. Pande, D. K. Jain, Text Book Of Botany: Diversity Of Microbes And Cryptogams, 4th edition, page 511