neuron

Etymology

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”). Doublet of nerve and sinew.

noun

1. (cytology) A cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses; consisting of an axon and several dendrites. Neurons are connected by synapses.
   The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure. 2013-08-03, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847
2. (zoology) A nervure of an insect's wing.
3. (artificial intelligence) an artificial neuron (mathematical function serving as an essential unit of an artificial neural network)