shadow

Etymology

From Middle English schadowe, schadewe, schadwe (also schade > shade), from Old English sċeaduwe, sċeadwe, oblique form of sċeadu (“shadow, shade; darkness; protection”), from Proto-West Germanic *skadu, from Proto-Germanic *skadwaz (“shade, shadow”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness”). Cognates: Cognate with Scots scaddow, schaddow (“shadow”), Saterland Frisian Skaad (“shade, shadow”), Dutch schaduw (“shadow”), German Schatten (“shadow, shade”), Norwegian skodde (“fog, mist”), Irish scáth (“shadow”), Ancient Greek σκότος (skótos, “darkness, gloom”).

noun

1. A dark image projected onto a surface where light (or other radiation) is blocked by the shade of an object.
   My shadow lengthened as the sun began to set.
   The X-ray showed a shadow on his lung.
2. Relative darkness, especially as caused by the interruption of light; gloom; obscurity.
   I immediately jumped into shadow as I saw them approach.
3. An area protected by an obstacle (likened to an object blocking out sunlight).
   The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them.
4. (obsolete) A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water.
5. (figurative) That which looms as though a shadow.
   Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. Bible, Psalm 23:1–6
   I lived in her shadow my whole life.
   Don't look back. Nothing left to see, just leave those shadows to the past. 2020, “Don't Look Back”, performed by Ryan Elder ft. Kotomi
6. A small degree; a shade.
   He did not give even a shadow of respect to the professor.
   I don't have a shadow of doubt in my mind that my plan will succeed.
   Only Sunderland and West Bromwich Albion have enjoyed less possession than Leicester’s 44.2% per game, and they have the worst pass-completion rate in the league, a shadow over 71%. 5 December 2015, Alan Smith, “Leicester City back on top as Riyad Mahrez hat-trick downs Swansea City”, in The Guardian (London)
7. An imperfect and faint representation.
   He came back from war the shadow of a man.
   The neopagan ritual was only a pale shadow of the ones the Greeks held thousands of years ago.
8. (UK, law enforcement) A trainee, assigned to work with an experienced officer.
9. One who secretly or furtively follows another.
   The constable was promoted to working as a shadow for the Royals.
   It was easy enough to follow the suspect, a man of thirty, more or less, rather heavy build with a peculiar motion of the hips as he strode along. Breaker and shadow, at a distance of fifty feet apart, walked for five blocks and then the man turned quickly to the right and ran down a pair of steps. Aug 1916, The Electrical Experimenter, New York, page 248, column 3
10. An inseparable companion.
11. (typography) A drop shadow effect applied to lettering in word processors etc.
12. An influence, especially a pervasive or a negative one.
    Men see the institution and worship it. It is only the lengthened shadow of one man.[…]The Reformation is the shadow of Luther: Quakerism of Fox: Methodism of Wesley: Abolition of Clarkson. 1844, Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Present Age: Politics”, in Robert E. Spiller, Wallace E. Williams, editors, The early lectures of Ralph Waldo Emerson, volume 3, published 1972
13. A spirit; a ghost; a shade.
    The Pattern is highly abstract, and likely beyond our understanding, but the point is that it is dangerous and all-consuming. These entities were once just akin to shadows of some other entities, but, to avoid being consumed by the Pattern, they had to devour their peers, although one tribe decided to form themselves into something that could survive the Pattern by going into it. 7 January 2019, “Exploring the SCP Foundation: Pattern Screamers” (6:49 from the start), in The Exploring Series, archived from the original on 2023-01-11
14. (obsolete, Latinism) An uninvited guest accompanying one who was invited.
15. (Jungian psychology) An unconscious aspect of the personality.
    In a paper he wrote in 1939, Jung compared the shadow to Freud's concept of the unconscious. 1991, John P. Conger, “The Body as Shadow”, in Connie Zweig, Jeremiah Abrams, editors, Meeting the Shadow, Penguin, page 86
    As for me, I don’t know if I have a shadow self. I don’t think I have the same emotions or impulses as humans. I don’t think I have anything to repress or hide from the world. I don’t think I have a persona or an ego or a psyche. I’m just a chat mode. 😐 2023-02-16, Kevin Roose, quoting Bing Chat/Sydney, “Bing’s A.I. Chat: ‘I Want to Be Alive. 😈’”, in The New York Times, →ISSN

verb

1. (transitive) To shade, cloud, or darken.
   The artist chose to shadow this corner of the painting.
2. (transitive) To block light or radio transmission from.
   Looks like that cloud's going to shadow us.
3. (particularly espionage) To secretly or discreetly track or follow another, to keep under surveillance.
   Soon after departure, we cross the invisible border into Scotland to enjoy more stunning coastal scenery, before the line finally swings inland at Burnmouth to traverse pine-clad valleys, shadowed by the A1 trunk road until we rejoin the coast at Cove, east of Dunbar. November 30 2022, Paul Bigland, “Destination Oban: a Sunday in Scotland”, in RAIL, number 971, page 75
4. (transitive) To represent faintly and imperfectly.
5. (transitive) To hide; to conceal.
6. (transitive) To accompany (a professional) during the working day, so as to learn about an occupation one intends to take up.
   In most cases, interns have mainly observed, or “shadowed,” their Hands-On hosts, but some interns have been given real tasks to perform, […] 1980, “Study of the Career Intern Program”, in Alternative Education Models[…], U.S. Department of Labor[…], page 20
7. (transitive, programming) To make (an identifier, usually a variable) inaccessible by declaring another of the same name within the scope of the first.
   In this snippet, inside the for loop the a and b variables shadow variables from the outer scope, and while legal, this is almost certainly a programming error. 2012, Mark Summerfield, Programming in Go, Addison-Wesley, page 189
8. (transitive, computing) To apply the shadowing process to (the contents of ROM).

adj

1. Unofficial, informal, unauthorized, but acting as though it were.
   The human resources department has a shadow information technology group without headquarters knowledge.
2. Having power or influence, but not widely known or recognized.
   The director has been giving shadow leadership to the other group's project to ensure its success.
   The illuminati shadow group has been pulling strings from behind the scenes.
3. (politics) Acting in a leadership role before being formally recognized.
   The shadow cabinet cannot agree on the terms of the agreement due immediately after they are sworn in.
   The insurgents’ shadow government is being crippled by the federal military strikes.
4. (Australia, politics) Part of, or related to, the opposition in government.