subject

Etymology 1

From Middle English subget, from Old French suget, from Latin subiectus (“lying under or near, adjacent, also subject, exposed”), as a noun, subiectus (“a subject, an inferior”), subiectum (“the subject of a proposition”), past participle of subiciō (“throw, lay, place”), from sub (“under, at the foot of”) + iaciō (“throw, hurl”), as a calque of Ancient Greek ὑποκείμενον (hupokeímenon).

adj

1. Likely to be affected by or to experience something.
   a country subject to extreme heat
   Menu listings and prices are subject to change.
   He's subject to sneezing fits.
   c. 1678 (written), 1682 (published), John Dryden, Mac Flecknoe All human things are subject to decay.
   The ability to shift profits to low-tax countries by locating intellectual property in them[…]is often assumed to be the preserve of high-tech companies.[…]current tax rules make it easy for all sorts of firms to generate[…]“stateless income”: profit subject to tax in a jurisdiction that is neither the location of the factors of production that generate the income nor where the parent firm is domiciled. 2013-06-22, “T time”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 68
2. Conditional upon something; used with to.
   The local board sets local policy, subject to approval from the State Board.
3. Placed or situated under; lying below, or in a lower situation.
4. Placed under the power of another; owing allegiance to a particular sovereign or state.
   , Book I Esau was never subject to Jacob.

Etymology 2

From Latin subiectus (“a subject, an inferior”), subiectum (“the subject of a proposition”), past participle of subiciō (“throw, lay, place”), from sub (“under, at the foot of”) + iaciō (“throw, hurl”).

noun

1. (grammar) In a clause: the word or word group (usually a noun phrase) about whom the statement is made. In active clauses with verbs denoting an action, the subject and the actor are usually the same.
   In the sentence ‘The cat ate the mouse’, ‘the cat’ is the subject, ‘the mouse’ being the object.
2. An actor; one who takes action.
   The subjects and objects of power.
3. The main topic of a paper, work of art, discussion, field of study, etc.
   Then I had a good think on the subject of the hocussing of Cigarette, and I was reluctantly bound to admit that once again the man in the corner had found the only possible solution to the mystery. 1905, Baroness Emmuska Orczy, chapter 5, in The Hocussing of Cigarette
   The departure was not unduly prolonged.[…]Within the door Mrs. Spoker hastily imparted to Mrs. Love a few final sentiments on the subject of Divine Intention in the disposition of buckets; farewells and last commiserations; a deep, guttural instigation to the horse; and the wheels of the waggonette crunched heavily away into obscurity. 1922, Ben Travers, chapter 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest
4. A particular area of study.
   Her favorite subject is physics.
   One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains.[…]But out of sight is out of mind. And that, together with the inherent yuckiness of the subject, means that many old sewers have been neglected and are in dire need of repair. 2014-06-14, “It's a gas”, in The Economist, volume 411, number 8891
5. A citizen in a monarchy.
   I am a British subject.
6. A person ruled over by another, especially a monarch or state authority.
   […]the Grand Khan seemed to grasp the "truth" of the religion and might become a convert, thereby gaining for Christianity the souls of all his subjects. 2020, Alan Mikhail, God's Shadow, page 93
7. (music) The main theme or melody, especially in a fugue.
   The earliest known form of subject is the ecclesiastical cantus firmus, or plain song. 1878, William Smith Rockstro, “Subject”, in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians
8. A human, animal or an inanimate object that is being examined, treated, analysed, etc.
   Writers of particular lives[…]are apt to be prejudiced in favour of their subject. 1748, Conyers Middleton, Life of Cicero
   It is also essential for those who come to the subject 'fresh' to gain the insight that will bridge their knowledge from being a subject of hypnosis to a potential practitioner. 2010, Ursula James, Clinical Hypnosis Textbook: A Guide for Practical Intervention, page 73
   Not long ago, it was difficult to produce photographs of tiny creatures with every part in focus. That’s because the lenses that are excellent at magnifying tiny subjects produce a narrow depth of field. 2013 July-August, Catherine Clabby, “Focus on Everything”, in American Scientist
9. (philosophy) A being that has subjective experiences, subjective consciousness, or a relationship with another entity.
10. (logic) That of which something is stated.
11. (mathematics) The variable in terms of which an expression is defined.
    Making x the subject of x² − 6x + 3y 0, we have x 3 ± √(9 − 3y).

Etymology 3

From Medieval Latin subiectō, iterative of subiciō (“throw, lay, place”), from sub (“under, at the foot of”) + iaciō (“throw, hurl”).

verb

1. (transitive, construed with to) To cause (someone or something) to undergo a particular experience, especially one that is unpleasant or unwanted.
   I came here to buy souvenirs, not to be subjected to a tirade of abuse!
2. (transitive) To make subordinate or subservient; to subdue or enslave.