monolith

Etymology

in Baalbek, Lebanon. At an estimated 1,000.12 tonnes (1,102.44 tons), the Roman monolith (noun sense 1) is one of the largest of such structures ever quarried.]] The noun is borrowed from French monolithe (“object made from a single block of stone”), from Middle French monolythe (“made from a single block of stone”) (rare), and from their etymon Latin monolithus (“made from a single block of stone”), from Ancient Greek μονόλιθος (monólithos, “made from a single block of stone”), from μονο- (mono-, prefix meaning ‘alone; single’) (from μόνος (mónos, “alone; only, unique”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“little, small”)) + λίθος (líthos, “a stone; stone as a substance”); analysable as mono- + -lith. The English word is cognate with German monolith (“made from a single block of stone”). The verb is derived from the noun.

noun

1. (also attributively) A large, single block of stone which is a natural feature; or a block of stone or other similar material used in architecture and sculpture, especially one carved into a monument in ancient times.
   Tomb of Napoleon I. … Twelve colossal statues, by [James] Pradier, representing as many victories, stand against the pilasters, facing the tomb, consisting of an immense monolith of porphyry, weighing 135,000 lbs., and brought from Lake Onega in Finland at a cost of 140,000fr. 1856, “Tenth Arrondissement. Western Portion.”, in Galignani’s New Paris Guide, for 1856.[…], Paris: A[nthony] and W[illiam] Galignani & Co.[…], →OCLC, page 355
   Rumour, with her thousand tongues, affirms that the "Prince Albert Memorial" will not take the form of a monolith; we shall not be sorry to learn the fact of some more suitable monument having been decided upon. 1862, “The Monthly Mirror of Fact and Rumour”, in The National Magazine, volume XII, London: W. Tweedie[…], →OCLC, page 48, column 1
   … I do not think that the idea of a serpent with a ball at its mouth is so very palpable a religious symbol, and one so innate, that it should be the very first thing which would occur as an emblem of the great deity of the waters, to aboriginal Egyptians, to monolith-setters in Brittany, to mound-builders in Ohio, to Peruvians and Mexicans. 1875, Charles G[odfrey] Leland, “Remarks on Colonel [Bardey] Kennon’s Letter”, in Fusang or The Discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist Priests in the Fifth Century, London: Trübner & Co.,[…], →OCLC, page 84
   The practice of using large blocks of stone, either as monoliths or as forming parts of structures, has existed from the earliest times in all parts of the world. 27 August 1875, John Hawkshaw, “British Association for the Advancement of Science. Bristol Meeting, August 25, 1875. Inaugural Address of the President, Sir John Hawkshaw, F.R.S.”, in William Crookes, editor, The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science.[…], volume XXXII, number 822, London: […] William Crookes,[…], →OCLC, page 88, column 2
   Similar engines are erected in Yorkshire on concrete foundations, with a top layer of monolith or Bramley Fall stone, costing from £800 to £1000. 1889, Daniel Kinnear Clark, “Pair of Horizontal Compound Reversing Rail-mill Engines.[…]”, in The Steam Engine: A Treatise on Steam Engines and Boilers.[…], half-volume III, London, Glasgow: Blackie & Son, →OCLC, page 357
   On 2 April 1901 Doyle wrote to his mother from Rowe's Duchy Hotel at Princetown: … We did fourteen miles over the moor to-day and are now pleasantly weary. It is a great place, very sad and wild, dotted with the dwellings of prehistoric man, strange monoliths and huts and graves. 2 April 1901, W. W. Robson, quoting Arthur Conan Doyle, “Introduction”, in Arthur Conan Doyle, The Hound of the Baskervilles: Another Adventure of Sherlock Holmes (Oxford World’s Classics; The Oxford Sherlock Holmes), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, published 1993 (1998 reissue), page xii
   Foothold Ruin sits on an isolated sandstone monolith with additional rooms at the base. Access up the monolith is by a set of footholds in the rockface. 1987 March, Draft Farmington Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement, Farmington, N.M.: Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior, →OCLC, page B-34, column 1
   The width of a monolith is the distance between monolith joints as measured along the axis of the dam. … In recent construction, monolith widths have been commonly set at approximately 50 feet but with some structures having monoliths ranging from 30 to 80 feet. 2012, “Arch Dams”, in J. Paul Guyer, editor, An Introduction to Design and Construction of Dams, El Macero, Calif.: The Clubhouse Press, section 1.2.6.1 (Spacing of Monolith Joints), page 32
   The Washington Monument is often described as an obelisk, and sometimes even as a "true obelisk," even though it is not. A true obelisk is a monolith, a pylon formed out of a single piece of stone. 2012 January, Henry Petroski, “The Washington Monument”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, New Haven, Conn.: Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-08-29, page 16
   … Chimney Rock State Park is one of North Carolina's newest state parks. Its most famous landmark is the park's namesake, a spectacular granite monolith known as Chimney Rock, providing panoramic views of Lake Lure, the surrounding mountains, and nearby Piedmont. 2015, Timothy P. Spira, “Hickory Nut Falls, Chimney Rock State Park”, in Waterfalls & Wildflowers in the Southern Appalachians: Thirty Great Hikes (A Southern Gateways Guide), Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, part III (Hike Narratives), page 100
2. (also attributively and figurative) Anything massive, uniform, and unmovable, especially a towering and impersonal cultural, political, or social organization or structure.
   It was the setting up of generalizations of the first kind in [Charles J.] Fillmore (1966a, b) and (1968a) that awarded case grammar the role of being, besides abstract syntax, the second crack in the transformational monolith of the late sixties. 1980, Hans-Ulrich Boas, “Some Remarks on Case Grammars as Bases for Contrastive Studies”, in Jacek Fisiak, editor, Theoretical Issues in Contrastive Linguistics (Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series IV, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory; 12), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISSN, part II (Linguistic Models and Contrastive Studies of Language), page 71
   But English society is no monolith, and it is a gross simplification to force it into one mould. 1984, Joan Thirsk, “Preface”, in The Rural Economy of England (History Series; 25), London: The Hambledon Press, page vi
   Recent scholarship on colonial history has demonstrated that British America was not simply an English but rather a multicultural society. Far from being a homogeneous monolith, colonial society comprised many divergent races and ethnic groups. 1996, Charles Patrick Neimeyer, “A True Pell-mell of Human Souls: The Germans in the Continental Army”, in America at War: A Social History of the Continental Army (The American Social Experience Series; 33), New York, N.Y., London: New York University Press, page 44
   For whatever reason, one knows that the Senegalese poet-president Léopold Sédar Senghor] became the Father of the ideology, cleverly weaving a network of cultural contributions and atavistic, essential, and behavioral components into a kind of black monolith hardly acceptable to anyone. 1996, Femi Ojo-Ade, “Nicolas Guillén: Negritude and Nationalism”, in Being Black, Being Human: More Essays on Black Culture, Trenton, N.J., Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press, published 2004, page 157
   Southern Democratic plantation masters' prestige and dominance were equivalent to monolith monarchs. They had influence around the world, especially within the political arena. 14 May 2012, Ernest Lawson Jr., Political Bias Distortion, Based on Philosophical Agendas, [Bloomington, Ind.]: Trafford Publishing, page 168
   Intentionally or not, the movie Ralph Breaks the Internet] makes Disney feel as enormous as the internet itself, containing a series of micro-targeted idiosyncrasies and in-jokes that are nonetheless controlled by a cultural monolith (whether that's Disney or whatever massive corporation owns your local ISP). 14 November 2018, Jesse Hassenger, “Disney Goes Viral with an Ambitious, Overstuffed Wreck-It Ralph Sequel”, in The A.V. Club, archived from the original on 2019-11-21
3. (chemistry) A substrate having many tiny channels that is cast as a single piece, which is used as a stationary phase for chromatography, as a catalytic surface, etc.
   The conference chairman, Alois Jungbauer, Ph.D., professor at the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences in Vienna, defined a monolith as a continuous stationary-phase cast as a homogeneous column in a single piece. Monoliths are further characterized by a highly interconnected network of channels, most with sizes ranging from 1 to 5 µm. The adsorptive surface is directly accessible to solutes as they pass through the column. 1 August 2008, Pete Gagnon, “Monoliths Emerge as Key Purification Methodology”, in Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, volume 28, number 14, Mary Ann Liebert, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2008-12-11, page 48
   [W]ork performed by Gough et al. looked at the long-term culture (28 days) of craniofacial fibroblasts seeded on to monolith calcium/sodium phosphate glass surfaces. 2011, E. A. Abou Neel, V. Salih, J. C. Knowles, “Phosphate-based Glasses”, in Paul Ducheyne, editor, Comprehensive Biomaterials, volumes 1 (Metallic, Ceramic and Polymeric Biomaterials), Amsterdam, Kidlington, Oxfordshire: Elsevier, page 291, column 2
4. (Britain, horticulture) A dead tree whose height and size have been reduced by breaking off or cutting its branches.
   https://ancienttreeforum.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ATF_book.pdf#page=99 page 98 If a stub is to be retained, either for the reasons stated above, or when a tree is to be reduced to a "monolith" …, unconventional methods of cutting or fracturing (not recommended in BS 3998) may be employed, … https://ancienttreeforum.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ATF_book.pdf#page=148 page 147 Even dead standing or fallen trees are important, and so owners should be encouraged to be untidy-minded and to leave monoliths or fallen dead wood in situ. 2013 February, “Tree Work: Assessment of Requirements” and “Ancient Trees in the Landscape: Advocacy for Holistic and Landscape-scale Management”, in David Lonsdale, editor, Ancient and Other Veteran Trees: Further Guidance on Management, London: The Tree Council, archived from the original on 2020-02-05, pages 98 and 147
   Stumps of older fallen trees, known as upright monoliths, have incredible environmental value and can provide a home and food source for insects for decades. 15 August 2020, Jess Warren, “New home for remains of oak tree that fell into Earley road”, in The Wokingham Paper, Wokingham, Berkshire: Xn Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-09-10
   Unexpectedly, even some of the monoliths are throwing out new shoots. This is great news, as these trees contain ancient woodland DNA, so are a very valuable seedbank. Further along the site, Penny shows me a famous translocated stump... the Cubbington pear tree. … The stump was translocated, and the trunk used as a monolith - but not before dozens of cuttings had been taken, some of which are growing nearby. And the stump? It's already throwing out dozens of new shoots as it's become re-established. March 23 2022, Paul Bigland, “HS2 is just 'passing through'”, in RAIL, number 953, page 44

verb

1. (transitive) To create (something) as, or convert (one or more things) into, a monolith.
   1. (construction) To cast (one or more concrete components) in a single piece with no joints.
      It should be noted that the parapets, also monolithing with the decking slab, contribute an important share to the effective resistance of the work. 1927, Ferro-concrete: The Monthly Review of Reinforced Concrete, volume 19, London: London & Norwich Press, →OCLC, page 58
      The main construction operations are the following: … 101,000 cu m of pre-fabricated concrete and 89,000 cu m for monolithing pre-fabricated structures. 1963, New Horizons: Topmost Dams of the World, Tokyo: Nihon Damu Kyōkai [Japan Dam Association], →OCLC, page 229, column 2
      The idea of joint action of carrying constructions for the seismic load by monolithing horizontal and vertical joints is [the] basis of designing frameless large panel buildings for earthquake resistance … 1965, Proceedings of the World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, volume 3, Berkeley, Calif.: University Extension, Department of Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 614
      Foundations were tied and monolithed, ductility was added to the structures … and specific measures were prescribed for each building, designed to prevent the entry of water into the ground; prohibiting wells, and channeling surface runoff. 2016, J. A. Martin-Caro, I. Paniagua, “Erbil Citadel Restoration: Some Thoughts on Earth-built Constructions Exposed to Seismic Action”, in C[arlos] A. Brebbia, editor, Sustainable Development (WIT Transactions on the Built Environment; 168), volume 1, Ashurst, Hampshire: WIT Press; Billerica, Mass.: Computational Mechanics International, →ISSN, section 9 (Architectural Heritage), page 588
   2. (Britain, horticulture) To reduce the height and size of (a dead tree) by breaking off or cutting its branches.
      Residents who use the park regularly for sports say they are gobsmacked that the council consider cutting the tree down as the only option. But the council have said that public safety is paramount when assessing damaged trees, a branch crashing down could kill someone, and that the tree is not being cut down but just monolithed. 5 December 2018, Daniel Clark, “Campaigners Tie Themselves to Historic Cowick Barton Oak Tree that Council Says is Dangerous”, in Devon Live, archived from the original on 2018-12-06
      The go-ahead has been given to fell 23 Lawson cypress and ‘monolith’ (reduce to their main stems, without branches) four dead alder, which made up part of the woodland off Bickland Water Road. 19 February 2020, Emma Ferguson, The Falmouth Packet, Falmouth, Cornwall: Packet Newspapers, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-02-19