primary

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin prīmārius (“of the first (rank); chief, principal; excellent”), from prīmus (first; whence the English adjective prime) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French primaire, primer, and premier. Doublet of premier.

adj

1. First or earliest in a group or series.
   Children attend primary school, and teenagers attend secondary school.
   the church of Christ, in its primary institution
   , Book II, Chapter VIII These I call original, or primary, qualities of body.
2. Main; principal; chief; placed ahead of others.
   Preferred stock has primary claim on dividends, ahead of common stock.
3. (geology) Earliest formed; fundamental.
4. (chemistry) Illustrating, possessing, or characterized by, some quality or property in the first degree; having undergone the first stage of substitution or replacement.
5. (medicine) Relating to the place where a disorder or disease started to occur.
6. (medicine) Relating to day-to-day care provided by health professionals such as nurses, general practitioners, dentists etc.

noun

1. A primary election; a preliminary election to select a political candidate of a political party.
2. The first year of grade school.
3. A base or fundamental component; something that is irreducible.
4. The most massive component of a gravitationally bound system, such as a planet in relation to its satellites.
5. A primary school.
   Excellence in Cities offers a further development of this approach, whereby secondary schools operate with small clusters of primaries as mini-EAZs. 2001, David Woods, Martyn Cribb, Effective LEAs and school improvement
6. (ornithology) Any flight feather attached to the manus (hand) of a bird.
   `Good Lord, look at that swiftlet, it's got two primaries missing from its left wing!' 2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 115
7. A primary colour.
   By adding and subtracting the three primaries, cyan, yellow, and magenta are produced. These are called subtractive primaries. 2003, Julie A Jacko, Andrew Sears, The human-computer interaction handbook
8. (military) The first stage of a thermonuclear weapon, which sets off a fission explosion to help trigger a fusion reaction in the weapon's secondary stage.
9. (aviation) A radar return from an aircraft (or other object) produced solely by the reflection of the radar beam from the aircraft's skin, without additional information from the aircraft's transponder.
10. (medicine) The primary site of a disease; the original location or source of the disease.
    unknown primary
    most common primaries
11. (electronics) A directly driven inductive coil, as in a transformer or induction motor that is magnetically coupled to a secondary.

verb

1. (US, politics, transitive, intransitive) To challenge (an incumbent sitting politician) for their political party's nomination to run for re-election, through running a challenger campaign in a primary election, especially one that is more ideologically extreme.
   In the New England town where he ran a “couple of night clubs” . he was “primarying the mayor." 1974, Stan Steiner, The Islands: the Worlds of the Puerto Ricans, page 191
   What political facts of life underpin the hopes and dreams of democratic politicians who would take on the awesome task of “primarying” a two-term incumbent governor 1980, Empire State Report, volumes 6-7, page 303
   Each of the past few election cycles has featured at least one instance of “primarying,” a challenge to an incumbent on the grounds that he or she is not sufficiently partisan. 2014, Sanford L. Jacobs, The Little Black Book of Political Wisdom
   The ad calls for loyal Tea Party members to step forward and run against all eighty-seven of the traitors in order to primary them. 2014, Uncle Sam, How Fox News KO'd The Republican Party
   These instances of “primarying,” according to many, make Congress more partisan and extreme. 2014, Robert G. Boatright, Congressional Primary Elections, page 8
   According to Boatright, 774 instances of challengers “primarying” sitting House incumbents occurred between 1970 and 2010. 2017, Aaron S. King, Unfolding Ambition in Senate Primary Elections, page 19
   Democrats have made “primarying” a key technique for shifting the balance of power in Congress to the left. 2019, Lawrence Lessig, They Don't Represent Us: Reclaiming Our Democracy
   In the last midterm election, every member of Congress who was defeated in a primary lost to a candidate who was more ideologically extreme. The message that sends to every other member is clear: If you work across the aisle to solve problems, prepare to be primaried and potentially defeated. August 7, 2020, Marc Merrill, Kathryn Murdoch, “How philanthropy could fix America’s broken politics”, in Fortune
   Richard Hopkins, an epidemiologist who spent 19 years at the Florida Department of Health, told the Post, in reference to DeSantis administration officials, “They keep hoping it’s going to go away by itself. I don’t know what’s going on -- whether they’re afraid that they will get primaried by someone to their right if they take appropriate public health action.” July 28, 2020, Steve Benen, “DeSantis' response panned as 'divorced from scientific evidence'”, in MSNBC
   Trump has most Republican congressmen leery of opposing him on any issue, mainly out of fear of getting "primaried" by a Trump loyalist. Aug 11, 2020, Joe Traynor, “COMMUNITY VOICES: The test is coming for Republicans”, in The Bakersfield Californian
2. (US, intransitive, transitive) To take part in a primary election.
   Both were worried that Bailey would break some of their delegate commitments to keep them from primarying. 1981, Joseph I. Lieberman, The Legacy: Connecticut Politics, 1930-1980, page 171
   First, I'd challenge my opponent for the convention nomination. If I didn't prevail at the convention, that would be my answer. I wouldn't “primary” him—meaning, I wouldn't force a statewide primary election if he and I were the only two candidates in the field. 2011, Christine O'Donnell, Troublemaker: Let's Do What It Takes to Make America Great Again, page 169
   “That’s the fun part - finding out who’s the unknown person who may want to primary to get one of the positions,” Kolenberg said. July 13, 2017, Angela Carella, “Stamford town clerk seeks nomination despite ballot probe”, in Stamford Advocate