through

Etymology 1

From Middle English thrugh, thruch, thruh, metathetic variants of thurgh, thurh, from Old English þurh, from Proto-Germanic *þurhw (“through”), from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥h₂kʷe, suffixed zero-grade from *terh₂- (“to pass through”) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Scots throch (“through”), West Frisian troch (“through”), Dutch door (“through”), German durch (“through”), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 (þairh, “through”), Latin trans (“across, over, through”), Albanian tërthor (“through, around”), Welsh tra (“through”). See also thorough.

prep

1. From one side of an opening to the other.
   I went through the window.
   A “moving platform” scheme[…]is more technologically ambitious than maglev trains even though it relies on conventional rails. Local trains would use side-by-side rails to roll alongside intercity trains and allow passengers to switch trains by stepping through docking bays. 2013-06-01, “Ideas coming down the track”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 13 (Technology Quarterly)
2. Entering, then later leaving.
   I drove through the town at top speed without looking left or right.
   In America alone, people spent $170 billion on “direct marketing”—junk mail of both the physical and electronic varieties—last year. Yet of those who received unsolicited adverts through the post, only 3% bought anything as a result. If the bumf arrived electronically, the take-up rate was 0.1%. And for online adverts the “conversion” into sales was a minuscule 0.01%. 2013-05-25, “No hiding place”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8837, page 74
3. Surrounded by (while moving).
   We slogged through the mud for hours before turning back and giving up.
   I stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path that, I cal'lated, might lead to the road I was hunting for. It twisted and turned, and, the first thing I knew, made a sudden bend around a bunch of bayberry scrub and opened out into a big clear space like a lawn. 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 1, in Mr. Pratt's Patients
   Risk is everywhere.[…]For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you. “The Norm Chronicles”[…]aims to help data-phobes find their way through this blizzard of risks. 2013-06-22, “Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 76
4. By means of.
   This team believes in winning through intimidation.
   But the home side were ahead in the eighth minute through 18-year-old Oxlade-Chamberlain. September 28, 2011, Tom Rostance, “Arsenal 2-1 Olympiakos”, in BBC Sport
   Since the launch early last year of […] two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations. University brands built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the possibility that information technology will rapidly make their existing business model obsolete. 2013-07-20, “The attack of the MOOCs”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845
5. In consequence of; as a result of.
   Our minds and hearts are corrupted with the Adamic virus at birth, and through a lifetime of sin and tragedy, our hearts and thoughts get more evil and more corrupted as we experience life's tragedies. 2012, Dimitri Yanuli, You Might Be Right, but You Ain't Right with the Word of God
6. (Canada, US) To (or up to) and including, with all intermediate values.
   from 1945 through 1991;  the numbers 1 through 9;  your membership is active through March 15, 2013
   It includes patent requests in machine learning through 2016, the last year for which details are available. Audio (US) (file) 3 February 2019, “UN Study: China, US, Japan Lead World AI Development”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2019-02-07

adj

1. Passing from one side of something to the other.
   Interstate highways form a nationwide system of through roads.
   It is possible to use a through bolt so that the bolt will be loaded axially, but usually axial loads are only components of the total load on the bolt. 1994, Don A. Halperin, G. Thomas Bible, Principles of Timber Design for Architects and Builders, page 137
2. Finished; complete.
   They were through with laying the subroof by noon.
3. Without a future; done for.
   After being implicated in the scandal, he was through as an executive in financial services.
4. No longer interested; wearied or turned off by experience.
   She was through with him.
   I'm worth a million in prizes / Yeah, I'm through with sleeping on the sidewalk / No more beating my brains / No more beating my brains / With the liquor and drugs / With the liquor and drugs 1977, Iggy Pop, Lust For Life
5. Proceeding from origin to destination without delay due to change of equipment.
   The through flight through Memphis was the fastest.
   Also the 10.45 a.m. from Paddington by the same route is called "Through Train via Severn Tunnel," but in later years, when made up of corridor stock, it is called "Through Corridor Express via Severn Tunnel." The frequent use of "through" on the South Wales section of G.W.R. began when the Severn Tunnel route was used for through trains between Paddington and South Wales in the summer of 1887 in order to draw continual attention to the improved facilities. 1940 November, “Notes and News: The First Corridor Train”, in Railway Magazine, page 618
6. (soccer) In possession of the ball beyond the last line of defence but not necessarily the goalkeeper; through on goal.
   With the Swifts calling for offside the striker was through and only a great save from McIlravey prevented the opener. 2015, Steve Grossi, SWFL1: Missed Chances See Swifts Relinquish Top Spot

adv

1. From one side to the other by way of the interior.
   The arrow went straight through.
2. From one end to the other.
   Others slept; he worked straight through.
   She read the letter through.
3. Throughout something; all the way across or into.
   Leave the yarn in the dye overnight so the color soaks through.
4. During a period of time; throughout
   He worked through the night.
5. To the end.
   He said he would see it through.
6. Out into the open.
   The American army broke through at Saint-Lô.

noun

1. A large slab of stone laid in a dry-stone wall from one side to the other; a perpend.

Etymology 2

From Middle English thrugh, þrouȝ, throgh, from Old English þrūh (“trough, conduit, pipe; box, chest; coffin, tomb”), from Proto-Germanic *þrūhs (“excavated trunk, trough”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₃u- (“to rub, turn, drill, bore”).

noun

1. (obsolete) A coffin, sarcophagus or tomb of stone; a large slab of stone laid on a tomb.