translate

Etymology

From Middle English translaten (“to transport, translate, transform”), from Anglo-Norman translater, from Latin trānslātus, perfect passive participle of trānsferō (“to transport, carry across, translate”). In this sense, displaced Old English wendan (“to translate,” also the word for “to turn” and “to change”).

verb

1. Senses relating to the change of information, etc., from one form to another.
   1. (transitive) To change spoken words or written text (of a book, document, movie, etc.) from one language to another.
      Hans translated my novel into Welsh.
      [H]e Theodore Beza] tranſlateth animam, a Carcaſe: (ſo calling our Sauiour Christes bodie, irreuerently, and wickedly) he tranſlateth infernum, graue. 1583, William Fulke, “Hereticall Translation against Pvrgatorie, Limbvs Patrvm, Christs Descending Into Hel”, in A Defense of the Sincere and True Translations of the Holie Scriptures into the English Tong, against the Manifolde Cauils, Friuolous Quarels, and Impudent Slaunders of Gregorie Martin,[…], London: […] Henrie Bynneman for George Bishop, →OCLC, page 199
      "Fool!" said the Tzar Peter the Great], turning to the monk, "what did I bid you do with the book?" "To translate it, Sire!" "Is this then a translation?" replied the Sovereign, pointing at the same time to a paragraph in the original, where the author had spoken harshly of Russia, and of the character of its inhabitants, but which the good-natured monk had in part omitted, and in part softened down in the most flattering manner to the nation. "Hence!" added the incensed monarch, "and be careful how thou translatest the work faithfully. It is not to flatter my subjects that I bade thee put the book into Russian and print it; but rather to correct them, by placing them under their eye the opinion which foreigners entertain of them, in order that they may at length know what they once were, and what they are now through my exertions." 1828, A[ugustus] B[ozzi] Granville, “Picture of St. Petersburgh”, in St. Petersburgh. A Journal of Travels to and from that Capital;[…], volume II, London: Henry Colburn,[…], →OCLC, pages 103–104
      His English is still in its beginning stages, like my Creole, but he was able to translate some Creole songs that he's written into English—not the best English, but English nonetheless. … That kind of thing is very interesting to me. When I was learning Spanish, I would often take my favorite songs and try to translate them. 13 September 1997, Matt Cyr, “Saturday, September 13th [1997]”, in Something to Teach Me: Journal of an American in the Mountains of Haiti, Coconut Creek, Fla.: Educa Vision, published 2002, page 25
   2. (intransitive) To provide a translation of spoken words or written text in another language; to be, or be capable of being, rendered in another language.
      Hans translated for us while we were in Marrakesh.
      That idiom doesn’t really translate.
      ‘Dog’ translates as ‘chien’ in French.
      However appealing Antibes may be to migrant authors, indigenous ones are relatively scarce. A notable exception is Jacques Audiberti, Antibes-born novelist and prolific playwright who wrote in the turn-of-the-century surrealist style, with titles that translate as Slaughter, or In Favour of Infanticide. 2004, Ted Jones, chapter 3, in The French Riviera: A Literary Guide for Travellers, London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, published 2007, page 58
   3. (transitive) To express spoken words or written text in a different (often clearer or simpler) way in the same language; to paraphrase, to rephrase, to restate.
   4. (transitive) To change (something) from one form or medium to another.
      The director faithfully translated their experiences to film.
      Embracing slave spirituals as the foundation of the Negro music he hoped to develop, Cook sought to translate their sonic power and racial character into forms more readily accessible to American audiences of all races in the twentieth century. 2015, David [Walker] Gilbert, “A New Musical Rhythm was Given to the People: Ragtime and Representation in Black Manhattan”, in The Product of Our Souls: Ragtime, Race, and the Birth of the Manhattan Music Marketplace, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, page 44
      1. (transitive, music) To rearrange (a song or music) in one genre into another.
         If one were to chart the form of most film songs, translated into conventional terms used in Western music, one would likely see a structure that has an introduction and two or three stanzas: … 2015, Jayson Beaster-Jones, “Film Songs at the End of the Colonial Era and the Emergence of Filmi Style”, in Bollywood Sounds: The Cosmopolitan Mediations of Hindi Film Music, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press
   5. (intransitive) To change, or be capable of being changed, from one form or medium to another.
      Excellent writing does not necessarily translate well into film.
      His sales experience translated well into his new job as a fund-raiser.
      When perfection is achieved, the thrill of recognition in the audience fulfills local sensibilities, but translates poorly into academic discourse. 1999, Karen L. Hero, “Missed Opportunities: American Anthropological Studies of Micronesian Arts”, in Robert C. Kiste, Mac Marshall, editors, American Anthropology in Micronesia: An Assessment, Honolulu, Hi.: University of Hawaiʻi Press, page 257
      Sometimes, ideas don't end up translating well. That's the nature of art. You may have the greatest idea since sliced bread in your mind, but when you translate it into a film, it just may not work. 2015, Ross Hockrow, “The Editing Process”, in Out of Order: Storytelling Techniques for Video and Cinema Editors, San Francisco, Calif.: Peachpit Press, page 201
   6. (transitive, genetics) To generate a chain of amino acids based on the sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule.
      All mRNAs are translated on the basis of consecutive groups of three bases, codons, being interpreted by the translational machinery …. Many diverse proteins and RNAs are involved in the translation of mRNA. First is the mRNA itself, which is the template "read" and translated into a protein product. 2015, Erich Grotewold, Joseph Chappell, Elizabeth A[nne] Kellogg, “Translation of RNA”, in Plant Genes, Genomes and Genetics, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, section 15.1 (Translation: A Key Aspect of Gene Expression), page 207, column 2
2. Senses relating to a change of position.
   1. (transitive, archaic) To move (something) from one place or position to another; to transfer.
      1. (transitive) To transfer the remains of a deceased person (such as a monarch or other important person) from one place to another; (specifically, Christianity) to transfer a holy relic from one shrine to another.
      2. (transitive, Christianity) To transfer a bishop or other cleric from one post to another.
         One hall called Civil Law Hall or School, flouriſhed about this time (though in its buildings decayed) by the care of the learned and judicious Dr. Will[iam] Warham Principal or Moderator thereof; which he leaving this year (having before had ſeveral Deputies therein) becauſe of his preferment to the ſee of London, became void for ſome time. The year following the ſaid Warham was tranſlated to Canterbury, … 1792, Anthony à Wood, The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford,[…], volume I, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Gutch, →OCLC, page 661
      3. (transitive, Christianity) Of a holy person or saint: to be assumed into or to rise to Heaven without bodily death; also (figurative) to die and go to Heaven.
         He [Vitus Theodorus] was called to be a Paſtor at Norinberg, his own country, … till it pleaſed God to put an end to his labors, by tranſlating him out of this vale of tears into his Everlaſting Kingdom, Anno Chriſti 1549. 1654, Samuel Clark[e], “The Life of Vitus Theodorus, who Dyed Anno Christi 1549”, in The Marrow of Ecclesiastical History,[…], 2nd edition, London: […] T. V. and are to be sold by William Roybould[…], →OCLC, page 323
         And afterwards Thou [God] receivedst Seth and Enoch, and Enoch Thou translatedst; for Thou art the Creator of men, the Fountain of Life, the Supplier of Want, the Giver of Laws, the Rewarder of them that keep them, the Avenger of them that transgress them. 1873, Thomas Wimberley Mossman, quoting Pope Clement I (in translation), “The Genuine and Supposititious Writings of St. Clement”, in A History of the Catholic Church of Jesus Christ: From the Death of Saint John to the Middle of the Second Century:[…], London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 58
      4. (transitive, mathematics) In Euclidean geometry: to transform (a geometric figure or space) by moving every point by the same distance in a given direction.
         After translating this plane, parallel to the ground line, to the position n_1L_1r_1, these points appear at n_1 and r_1. 1868, S[amuel] Edward Warren, “Removal of Practical Difficulties Arising from the Confusion of Projections and Perspectives”, in A Manual of Elementary Problems in the Linear Perspective of Form and Shadow;[…], New York, N.Y.: John Wiley,[…], →OCLC, § II (Second Method. Use of Three Planes.), paragraph 74, page 40
      5. (transitive, mathematics) To map (the axes in a coordinate system) to parallel axes in another coordinate system some distance away.
         It is convenient at this point to translate the axis of the n dimensional space so that the origin of each axis occurs at its arithmetical mean. 1957 April–June, Leo Marcus, “A Mathematical Tool in Industry: An Algorithm for Curve Fitting by the Method of Least Squares”, in John Bryant, editor, General Motors Engineering Journal, volume 4, number 2, Detroit, Mich.: Educational Relations Section, Public Relations Staff,General Motors Corporation, →OCLC, page 17, column 1
      6. (transitive, medicine, obsolete) To cause (a disease or something giving rise to a disease) to move from one body part to another, or (rare) between persons.
         He [John Mackintosh] considers all the eruptions, even erysipelas, in the light of natural blisters, established by powers inherent in the constitution, which enable it to translate disease from the internal organs to the skin; … 1857, “Medicine—Surgery”, in William, Robert Chambers, editors, Chambers’s Information for the People, new edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: J[oshua] B[allinger] Lippincott & Co., →OCLC, page 768, column 1
      7. (transitive, physics) To subject (a body) to linear motion with no rotation.
         Consider a collection of objects – perfectly elastic pool balls, perhaps – rattling around inside a closed, isolated container. We can translate the container and its contents through space, and the physics inside the container is unchanged. 2004, Stephen Webb, “Symmetry”, in Out of this World: Colliding Universes, Branes, Strings, and Other Wild Ideas of Modern Physics, New York, N.Y.: Copernicus Books, Springer, in association with Praxis Publishing, page 19
      8. (intransitive, physics) Of a body: to be subjected to linear motion with no rotation.
         If the ball were to hit the racket at its center of mass (CM) or balance point (which is usually in the throat of the racket), the racket recoil would be pure translation and there would be no rotation of the racket. Instead, if the ball were to hit in the center of the strung area, the racket would both translate (to conserve linear momentum) and rotate (to conserve angular momentum), … 1987, Howard Brody, “The Sweet Spots of a Tennis Racket”, in Tennis Science for Tennis Players, Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, page 25
         Let us assume the gas molecule to be a structureless "billiard ball," translating in space and frequently colliding with the neighboring molecules. 2015, Ethirajan Rathakrishnan, “High-temperature Flows”, in High Enthalpy Gas Dynamics, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore, section 4.10 (Kinetic Theory of Gases), page 109
3. (transitive, obsolete) To entrance (“place in a trance”), to cause to lose recollection or sense.
   William was translated by the blow to the head he received, being unable to speak for the next few minutes.

noun

1. (mathematical analysis) In Euclidean spaces: a set of points obtained by adding a given fixed vector to each point of a given set.
   [F]ractions with a defining relation are nothing but linear orthogonal arrays or their translates. 1999, A. S. Hedayat, N[eil] J[ames] A[lexander] Sloane, John Stufken, “Statistical Application of Orthogonal Arrays”, in Orthogonal Arrays: Theory and Applications (Springer Series in Statistics), New York, N.Y., Berlin: Springer, section 11.5 (Two-level Fractional Factorials with a Defining Relation), page 272
   If L is a vector space, a linear manifold (or affine subspace) in L is a subset which is a translate of a subspace M⊂L, that is, a set F of the form x_0+M for some x_0∈L. … The dimension of a linear manifold is the dimension of the subspace of which it is a translate. 1999, H[elmut] H[einrich] Schaefer, with M. P. Wolff, chapter I, in Topological Vector Spaces (Graduate Texts in Mathematics; 3), 2nd edition, New York, N.Y., Berlin: Springer, section 4 (Linear Manifolds and Hyperplanes), page 24