with

Etymology 1

From Middle English with, from Old English wiþ (“against, opposite, toward, with”), from Proto-West Germanic *wiþi, a shortened form of Proto-Germanic *wiþrą (“against”). In Middle English, the word shifted to denote association rather than opposition, displacing Middle English mid (“with”), from Old English mid (“with”), from Proto-Germanic *midi; an earlier model of this meaning shift exists in cognate Old Norse við; elsewhere, the converse meaning shift is exemplified by Old South Arabian 𐩨𐩺𐩬 (byn, “between, amid”) spawning Old South Arabian 𐩨𐩬 (bn, “against”) and even likewise frequent reverse meaning 𐩨𐩬 (bn, “from”).

prep

1. Against.
   He picked a fight with the class bully.
   Many hatchets, knives, & pieces of iron, & brass, we see, which they reported to have from the Sasquesahanocks a mighty people, and mortal enemies with the Massawomecks. 1621, John Smith, The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia
2. In the company of; alongside, close to; near to.
   He went with his friends.
3. In addition to; as an accessory to.
   She owns a motorcycle with a sidecar.
4. Used to add supplemental information, especially to indicate simultaneous happening, or immediate succession or consequence.
   Jim was listening to Bach with his eyes closed.
   The match result was 10-5, with John scoring three goals.
   With a heavy sigh, she looked around the empty room.
   Four people were injured, with one of them in critical condition.
   With their reputation on the line, they decided to fire their PR team.
   With that she told me that though she spake of her father, whom she named Chremes, she would hide no truth from me: […] 1590, Sir Philip Sidney, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia
   With this he pointed to his face, and show'd His hand and all his habit smear'd with blood. 1697, Virgil, “Aeneid”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil
   See where, on earth, the flowery glories lie, With her they flourish'd, and with her they die. 1861, Alexander Pope, “The Fourth Pastoral, or Daphne”, in The Rev. George Gilfillan, editor, The Poetical Works of Alexander Pope
   With a bolt of fright he remembered that there was no bathroom in the Hobhouse Room. He leapt along the corridor in a panic, stopping by the long-case clock at the end where he flattened himself against the wall. 1994, Stephen Fry, chapter 2, in The Hippopotamus
   The dirty secret of the internet is that all this distraction and interruption is immensely profitable. Web companies like to boast about […], or offering services that let you "stay up to date with what your friends are doing",[…]and so on. But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention. 2013-06-21, Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 48
5. In support of.
   We are with you all the way.
6. In regard to.
   There are a number of problems with your plan.
   What on Earth is wrong with my keyboard?
   He was pleased with the outcome.
   I'm upset with my father.
   Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism. 2013-06-29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, pages 72–3
7. (obsolete) To denote the accomplishment of cause, means, instrument, etc; – sometimes equivalent to by.
   slain with robbers
   He was sick and lame of the scurvy, so as he could but lie in the cabin-door, and give direction, and, it should seem, was badly assisted either with mate or mariners 1669, Nathaniel Morton, New England’s Memorial
   But several sowing of Wheat at that time, because 'twas the usual time of doing of it, it lay in the Ground till Rain came, which was the latter end of October first, and then but part of it came up neither, because it was mustied and spoiled with lying so long in the Ground […] 1721, John Mortimer, The Whole Art of Husbandry, page 61
8. Using as an instrument; by means of.
   cut with a knife
   I water my plants with this watering can. This is the watering can I water my plants with.
   Find what you want instantly with our search engine.
   They dismissed the meeting with a wave of their hand.
   Speak with a confident voice.
   They had cut of his head upon the cudy of his boat had not the man reskued him with a sword, 1620, William Bradford., Of Plymouth Plantation
   And keep each other company in spite, / As rivals in your common mistress, fame, / And with faint praises one another damn; 1677, William Wycherley, The plain-dealer, Prologue
   As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels. 2013 July-August, Stephen P. Lownie, David M. Pelz, “Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in American Scientist
9. (obsolete) Using as nourishment; more recently replaced by on.
10. Having, owning.
    It was small and bumpy, with a tinge of orange.
    As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels. 2013 July-August, Stephen P. Lownie, David M. Pelz, “Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in American Scientist
11. Affected by (a certain emotion or condition).
    Speak with confidence.
    He spoke with sadness in his voice.
    The sailors were infected with malaria.
12. Prompted by (a certain emotion).
    overcome with happiness
    green with envy; flushed with success
13. In the employment of.
    She's was with Acme for twenty years before retiring last fall.
14. Keeping up with; understanding; following along.
    That was a lot to explain, are you still with me?
    Are you still with me? Good. I was worried, because you may not think you need a lightweight rifle. May 1983, David E. Petzal, “The Lightweight Division”, in Field & Stream

adv

1. (US) Along, together with others, in a group, etc.
   Do you want to come with?

Etymology 2

From Middle English withe, wiþþe, from Old English wiþþe. More at withe.

noun

1. Alternative form of withe