over

Etymology 1

From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér, a comparative form of *upo. Akin to Dutch over, German ober, über, Danish over, Norwegian over, Swedish över, Icelandic yfir, Faroese yvir, Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar), Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Albanian upri (“group of peasants”), Sanskrit उपरि (upári). Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.

adj

1. Discontinued; ended or concluded.
   The show is over.
2. (professional wrestling slang) wrestler or faction that is popular with the audience.

adv

1. Thoroughly; completely; from beginning to end.
   Let's talk over the project at tomorrow's meeting.
   Let me think that over.
   I'm going to look over our department's expenses.
   During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant[…] 1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond
2. (often in compounds) To an excessive degree; overly.
   She seemed a placid creature altogether - eminently respectable - perhaps not over intelligent. 1934, Agatha Christie, chapter 12, in Murder on the Orient Express, London: HarperCollins, published 2017, page 158
3. From an upright position to a horizontal one.
   He tipped the bottle over, and the water came gushing out.
   That building just fell over!
   He bent over to touch his toes.
4. Horizontally; left to right or right to left.
   Slide the toilet-paper dispenser's door over when one roll is empty in order to reveal the other.
   I moved over to make room for him to sit down.
5. From one side of something to another, passing above it.
   The fence is too high. I don't think I'll be able to get over.
6. From one position or state to another.
   Please pass that over to me.
   He came over to our way of thinking on the new project.
   Come over and play!
   I'll bring over a pizza.
7. Overnight (throughout the night).
   We stayed over at Grandma's.
   Can I sleep over?
8. (US, usually with do) Again; another time; once more; over again.
   I lost my paper and I had to do the entire assignment over.

noun

1. (cricket) A set of six legal balls bowled.
   In an emotional and electric atmosphere at Lord's, both sides scored 241 in their 50 overs and were level on 15 when they batted for an extra over apiece. 14 July 2019, Stephan Shemilt, “England win Cricket World Cup: Ben Stokes stars in dramatic finale against New Zealand”, in BBC Sport, London
2. Any surplus amount of money, goods delivered, etc.
   […] standard cash count forms used to record the count and any overs or unders. 2008, G. Puttick, Sandy van Esch, The Principles and Practice of Auditing, page 609

prep

1. Expressing spatial relationship.
   1. On top of; above; higher than; further up.
      Hold the sign up over your head.
      The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone,[…]. Scribes, illuminators, and scholars held such stones directly over manuscript pages as an aid in seeing what was being written, drawn, or read. 2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist
   2. Across or spanning.
      There is a bridge over the river.
      I looked out over the sea.
      My hopes wa'n't disappointed. I never saw clams thicker than they was along them inshore flats. I filled my dreener in no time, and then it come to me that 'twouldn't be a bad idee to get a lot more, take 'em with me to Wellmouth, and peddle 'em out. Clams was fairly scarce over that side of the bay and ought to fetch a fair price. 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 3, in Mr. Pratt's Patients
      If I saw the wild geese fly over the dark lakes of Kerry... 1918, Dora Sigerson Shorter, Sick I Am and Sorrowful
      Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism. 2013-06-29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, pages 72–3
   3. In such a way as to cover.
      Drape the fabric over the table.
      There is a roof over the house.
   4. From one physical position to another via an obstacle that must be traversed vertically, first upwards and then downwards.
      The dog jumped over the fence.
      I'll go over [the fence] first and then help you.
      Let's walk over the hill to get there.
2. Expressing comparison.
   1. More than; to a greater degree.
      I prefer the purple over the pink.
   2. Beyond; past; exceeding; too much or too far.
      I think I’m over my limit for calories for today.
   3. (in certain collocations) As compared to.
      Sales are down this quarter over last.
3. Indicating relative status, authority, or power
   The owner's son lorded it over the experienced managers.
   The prince ruled over a portion of the kingdom.
4. (mathematics) Divided by.
   Two over six equals one over three.
5. (poker) Separates the three of a kind from the pair in a full house.
   9♦9♠9♣6♥6♠ = nines over sixes
6. Finished with; done with; from one state to another via a hindrance that must be solved or defeated; or via a third state that represents a significant difference from the first two.
   We got over the engineering problems and the prototype works great.
   I am over my cold and feel great again.
   I know the referee made a bad call, but you have to get over it [your annoyance with the referee's decision].
   She is finally over [the distress of] losing her job.
   He is finally over his [distress over the loss of the relationship with his] ex-girlfriend.
7. While using, especially while consuming.
   Six diners in business clothes—five attractive young women and a balding middle-aged man—relax over cigarettes. 1990, Seymour Chatman, Coming to Terms, Cornell, page 100
   Sunday had been my favorite day at Woodlawn. A long W.A.A. [="work as assigned" period], having coffee and croissants with Mark over the Sunday Times. 1998, Marian Swerdlow, Underground Woman, Temple, page 88
   Over meatloaf and mashed potatoes (being careful not to talk with his mouth full), Stanley told about his adventure. 2009, Sara Pennypacker, The Great Egyptian Grave Robbery, Scholastic, page 79
8. Concerning or regarding.
   The two boys had a fight over whose girlfriend was the best.
   It has jailed environmental activists and is planning to limit the power of judicial oversight by handing a state-approved body a monopoly over bringing environmental lawsuits. 2013-08-10, “Can China clean up fast enough?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848
9. Above, implying superiority after a contest; in spite of; notwithstanding.
   We triumphed over difficulties.
   The bill was passed over the veto.
   It was a fine victory over their opponents.

intj

1. (procedure word, military) A radio procedure word meaning that the station is finished with its transmission and is expecting a response.
   Bravo Six, this is Bravo Six Four. Stand by for ten mike report one dash three, over.
   Bravo Six Four, this is Bravo Six Actual. Send your traffic, over.
   How do you receive? Over!
2. (obsolete, slang) Short for over the left shoulder (“expressing disbelief etc.”).

verb

1. (UK, transitive, dialect, obsolete) To go over, or jump over.
   He overed the fence in good style.
2. (UK, intransitive, dialect, obsolete) To run about.
   The cattle have been overing all day because of the flies.

Etymology 2

From Middle English over (“riverbank, seashore, brink”), from Old English ōfer (“riverbank, seashore, brink, edge, margin, border”), from Proto-Germanic *ōferaz. Cognate with Dutch oever (“riverbank, shore”), German Ufer (“shore, shoreline, riverbank”), Low German Över (“shore, riverbank”).

noun

1. (rare, dialectal or obsolete) A shore, riverbank.
   The sea's over.
   Cassibola was ready at Dover, & renged (encamped) his men by the over. 1338, Robert Mannyng, Mannyng's Chronicle